Unease in Hawaii’s Cornfields
Cory Lum for The New York Times
A research scientist at Pioneer in a Dupont Pioneer cornfield near Koloa, Kauai. The county is considering limits on growers.
By ANDREW POLLACK
Published: October 7, 2013
WAIMEA, Hawaii — The balmy tropical isles here seem worlds apart from
the expansive cornfields of the Midwest, but Hawaii has become the
latest battleground in the fight over genetically modified crops.
Toby Hoogs for The New York Times
“Without G.M.O., there would be no papaya in Hawaii,”
said Eric Weinert, general manager of Hawaii operations for Calavo
Growers, a papaya packer.
The state has become a hub for the development of genetically engineered
corn and other crops that are sold to farmers around the globe.
Monsanto and other seed companies have moved here en masse, and corn now
sprouts on thousands of acres where sugar cane or pineapples once grew.
But activists opposed to biotech crops have joined with residents who
say the corn farms expose them to dust and pesticides, and they are
trying to drive the companies away, or at least rein them in.
The companies counter that their operations are safe and that the industry is essential to Hawaii’s economy.
In the last two weeks, legislative committees on the islands of Kauai
and Hawaii have approved proposed ordinances that would restrict the
ability of the seed companies to operate. The Kauai bill will go before
the full County Council on Tuesday.
“It’s a paradise over here that is being ruined by this,” said Michiyo
Altomare, who lives in this small town on Kauai that is just across a
narrow river from a bluff upon which the seed company Pioneer grows
corn.
Ms. Altomare and her husband, Corrado, built their dream house here 30
years ago, hoping to enjoy the winds that waft down from the bluff. But
when sugar cane gave way to corn, she said, those winds began carrying
fine red soil that coated her counters, forcing the family to shut their
windows and install central air-conditioning.
On some occasions, Ms. Altomare smelled pesticides and called the
police. Mr. Altomare suffers from high platelet levels that his doctor
said could have resulted from chemical exposure. The couple’s grown
children, she said, “don’t want to live here.”
The seed companies say the pesticides and genetically engineered crops
are already well regulated by the federal and state governments. They
say curtailment of the Hawaii operations would disrupt agriculture for
the nation.
“Almost any corn seed sold in the U.S. touches Hawaii somewhere” in its
development, said Mark Phillipson, an executive of Syngenta, a Swiss
seed and agrochemical company. Mr. Phillipson is also president of the
Hawaii Crop Improvement Association, which represents the seed
companies.
The companies are supported by those who say the seed business is vital
to the economy. Seeds are Hawaii’s leading agricultural commodity,
contributing $264 million to the economy and 1,400 jobs, according to a
study commissioned by the companies.
Hearings on the bills have often lasted into the night and overflowed their locations.
Kauai seems to be in a summer camp color war, with supporters of the
bill wearing red T-shirts and opponents blue ones. An estimated 1,500 to
4,000 people in red shirts marched in favor of the bill in early
September. The seed companies are here because the warm climate allows
for three corn crops to be harvested in a year, compared with one in the
Midwest. That accelerates the several generations of crossbreeding
needed to perfect a new variety.
“Instead of taking 13 years to develop a new variety, it takes seven
years,” said Ryan K. Oyama, a research scientist at Pioneer, which is
owned by DuPont.
There are as many biotech crop-field trials in Hawaii as in Iowa or
Illinois, mostly for corn but also soybeans, wheat and rice. The output
of Hawaii is not corn for food or feed, but seeds that are shipped to
the mainland, where they are further multiplied and eventually sold to
farmers.
Breeding is also needed for nonengineered crops, and some of the
companies have had operations in Hawaii since the 1960s.
But the operations have expanded in the last two decades as the sugar
and pineapple industries collapsed in the face of cheaper foreign
competition and the state began seeking new uses for the abandoned land.
Monsanto, Pioneer, Syngenta, Dow and BASF occupy a combined 25,000 out
of the state’s 280,000 acres of agricultural land, with operations on
Kauai, Oahu, Maui and Molokai.
The companies lease some land from the state and some from private
owners, like the Robinson family, which also owns the island of Niihau,
and Stephen M. Case, the Hawaii-born former chairman of AOL.
Toby Hoogs for The New York Times
Howard Hurst, a teacher at a middle school, described
an episode in which pesticides caused an evacuation.
Mr. Case said that using abandoned sugar land for seed crops was better
than watching it grow weeds. “Our tenants comply with all local laws and
will comply with any new ordinances that pass,” he said in a statement.
The seed companies are not on the Big Island, Hawaii. The proposed bill
there, which passed a committee of the county council by a 6-2 vote on
Oct. 1, would keep it that way by prohibiting the cultivation of
genetically modified crops.
A hearing on the bill on Sept. 23 featured a parade of witnesses citing
dangers of genetically modified crops that many scientists would not
support.
But most of the food eaten in Hawaii comes from outside the state
anyway, and will remain largely the same whether the ordinances are
enacted.
The Big Island does not have many large parcels suitable for corn in any
case. But most of the island’s papayas are genetically engineered to
resist a virus that almost wiped out the crop in the 1990s.
“Without G.M.O., there would be no papaya in Hawaii,” said Eric Weinert,
general manager of Hawaii operations for Calavo Growers, a papaya
packer, using the abbreviation for genetically modified organisms.
Under pressure, the bill was amended to exempt papaya. But papaya
growers say the ordinance will still taint the image of their product
and might lead to more incidents, such as one that occurred last month,
in which vandals cut down their trees at night. More is at stake for the
biotech industry on Kauai, which accounts for about half of the total
seed company acreage in Hawaii. Even some people sympathetic to the
companies said they perhaps did not pay enough attention to community
concerns that had festered for years.
In 2000, about 100 residents of Waimea petitioned Pioneer and other
growers to control the dust blowing off their farms. In 2011, saying
Pioneer had not done enough, more than 150 residents, including the
Altomares, sued the company. Pioneer declined to comment on issues under
litigation.
Pesticides are an even bigger concern. From 2006 to 2008, students and
teachers at Waimea Canyon Middle School, which is near a Syngenta field,
complained of noxious odors on several occasions. In the worst
incident, the buildings were evacuated and “some kids went to the
hospital,” said Howard Hurst, a teacher there. Some doctors say the
region seems to have unusually high rates of asthma, cancer and birth
defects.
Such anecdotes and suspicions are hard to substantiate. Indeed, a report
by the state found that the incidence of cancer on Kauai, including the
region around Waimea, was generally the same or even lower than for the
state as a whole. Another study, paid for the state and county, lent
support to Syngenta’s contention that the middle school odors were from
the aptly named stinkweed, not pesticides.
Still, demands have intensified for further studies and for disclosure of what pesticides are used.
The bill before the Kauai County Council, introduced by Gary Hooser and
Tim Bynum, would require such disclosure and would establish no-spray
zones around schools, hospitals, residences, public roads and waterways.
The bill also called for a moratorium on expansion of biotech cropland
and a ban on open-air testing of experimental genetically modified
crops, provisions that were later removed by the committee after one
member argued that the issue was pesticides, not genetic modification..
The companies had argued that the original bill might force them off the
island. They also said it would be impractical to disclose pesticide
use in advance because spraying decisions were often made only after
seeing what pests were present.
On Sept. 27, the day the committee was to consider the bill, supporters
in red shirts arrived as early as 2:30 a.m. to ensure they would get
seats for the 9 a.m. meeting.
The more numerous opponents in blue shirts, many of them seed company
workers, began arriving at 4 a.m. Shortly before 9:30 p.m., more than 12
hours after the meeting began, the committee approved an amended bill 4
to 1. The supporters in red cheered.
If the bill is approved by the full seven-member council, the companies
are expected to challenge it in court, arguing that local regulation is
pre-empted by state and federal laws.
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